![]() (B) Large-scale (1:100,000) Soviet topographic map (10-42-132 J-42–132) with the border reentrant and Noshaq Peak on the lower right at 7455 m. The accompanying soil map showed generalized distributions of ice, rock, rubble, & loam. On the reverse of the original of this map, the Soviet topographers described populated places, roads, topography & soils, hydrology, vegetation, and climates aspects. (A) Soviet topographic map of part of the Zebak area (Zebak 10-42-36 J-42-XXXVI 1988 1:200,000) showing the pronounced border reentrant between Afghanistan and Pakistan that places Afghanistan’s tallest mountain, Noshaq (Naushaq) Peak at 7455 m. There is no detection below 3 NM, but previously detected echoes are stored and displayed as the plane advances. In elevation, two scanning lines covering 10 mR can be used for detection within an altitude segment of 6 000 feet at 10 NM. The range domain covered must be at least 10 NM and the possible bearing domain must be at last ± 60°. The contour mapping planes are horizontally stabilized with inertial navigation system data. Moreover, in situations of blind penetration, altimeter measurements are practically meaningless, unless correlated with a digital elevation model of terrain. The altimeter, whose measurements arrive too late to be able to anticipate navigation, helps to increase safety over certain zones for which the radar supplies practically no information, such as a calm lake. The pilot navigates in the vertical and horizontal planes the radar simply supplies information. He must navigate so that the detected ground is located between h 1 and h 2, thus optimizing safety with regard to land relief and enemy weapons. #An easy contour map freeThe pilot is free to choose the clearance altitude. This allows perfectly safe blind penetration, e.g., through clouds. Ĭontour mapping slaved to the aircraft velocity vector (3).Indeed, in enemy territory, safety is increased when the plane can fly at low altitude to take advantage of masks formed by land relief. Ĭontour mapping with spatula (2) stabilized in the horizontal plane but whose action is reduced depending on range to avoid identifying high-altitude obstacles too early.Each of the previously described air-to-air and air-to-ground modes can use low-PRF waves.Ĭontour mapping (1) stabilized in the horizontal plane However, in order to ensure self defense in close-combat situations using short-range missiles (IR, EM) or gun fire, the radar must have the air-to-air modes required for enemy acquisition and tracking that is, the radar must be able to search along the axis, sight field of view, and symmetry plane and do continuous tracking. Perform telemetry on an optically selected target (air-to-ground ranging)Ī radar system uses only air-to-ground modes for these missions. ĭetect and lock on to contrasted fixed echoes in continuous tracking mode.Provide assistance for low-altitude navigation by means of “ contour mapping” modes Update the inertial control system with characteristic echoes if GPS is not available Perform ground mapping with monopulse sharpening of the real beam #An easy contour map how toYou never know when knowing how to read a contour map might come in handy.In these missions, apart from the escort that is provided by air superiority aircraft (radar air-to-air function), the role of the radar is to That's been more than a few years ago, but I'd like to think that, with a little study and some work, I could pick up the skill again. It wasn't easy to learn to read that map, but I kept at it and I finally learned to do it with some proficiency. That was actually a big part of our classwork, and we had these little square plastic protractors that we used to plot map points, and to find points on the map. I learned to read a contour (or terrain) map in JROTC in high school. I can't tell you about all the intricacies, like hodographs and that kind of thing, but I can look at them and get a general idea of what the weather will be like the next day. I do some weather report writing for my newspaper (backed up by the real meteorologists at the National Weather Service), so I have to know how to read those contour maps - at least I need to get the basics of what's going on. I know, in that context, the lines are called isobars, and the closer together the isobars are, the higher the winds are in that area. I think I'm mostly familiar with contour weather maps. ![]()
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